Some scholars have pointed to evidence from Mohenjodaro and Harappa (such as the pashupati seal) as proof that a pre vedic sramanic meditation tradition is very old in ancient India. However, Sagarmal Jain states that it is very difficult to extract the pre-canonical method of Jain meditation from the earliest sources. ain tradition believes that meditation derives from Rishabhanatha, the first tirthankara. All the statues and pictures of Tirthankaras primarily show them in meditative postures. Jains believe all twenty-four Tirthankaras (such as Rishabhanatha) practiced deep meditation, some for years, some for months and attained enlightenment. Mahavira, or Vardhamāna (5th century BCE) The main change in the canonical era was that Jain meditation became influenced by Hindu Yogic traditions. post-canonical (sixth century CE to twelfth century CE), age of tantra and rituals (thirteenth to nineteenth century CE), modern age (20th century on). canonical age (fifth century BCE to fifth century CE), 3. pre-canonical (before sixth century BCE), 2. Sagarmal Jain divides the history of Jaina yoga and meditation into five stages, 1. The 24 Tirthankaras are always seen in one of these two postures in the Kayotsarga (standing) or Padmasana/ Paryankasana (Lotus). There are various common postures for Jain meditation, including Padmasana, Ardh-Padmasana, Vajrasana, Sukhasana, standing, and lying down. The 8th century Jain philosopher Haribhadra also contributed to the development of Jain yoga through his Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya, which compares and analyzes various systems of yoga, including Hindu, Buddhist and Jain systems. Kundakunda of 1st century BCE, opened new dimensions of meditation in Jain tradition through his books such as Samayasāra and Pravachansar.
Acharya Bhadrabahu of the 4th century BCE practiced deep Mahaprana meditation for twelve years. The Acaranga Sutra dating to 500 BCE, addresses the meditation system of Jainism in detail. Mahavira practiced deep meditation for twelve years and attained enlightenment. They are all shown in meditative postures in images and idols. All the twenty-four Tirthankaras practiced deep meditation and attained enlightenment. Jains believe meditation has been a core spiritual practice since the teaching of the Tirthankara, Rishabha. Statue of Mahavira in meditation, Ahinsa Sthal, Mehrauli, New Delhi It is also a method by which one can develop an attitude of harmony and respect towards other humans, animals and Nature. This act of being conscious of the continual renewal of the universe in general and one’s own renewal of the individual living being ( Jiva) in particular is the critical first step in the journey towards identification with one’s true nature, called the Atman. A form of this which includes a strong component of scripture study (Svādhyāya) is mainly promoted by the more conservative Digambara tradition of Jainism. The word Sāmāyika means being in the moment of continuous real-time. Jain meditation is also referred as Sāmāyika. The 20th century saw the development and spread of new modernist forms of Jain Dhyana, mainly by monks and laypersons of Śvētāmbara Jainism. Jain meditation can be broadly categorized to the auspicious ( Dharmya Dhyana and Shukla Dhyana) and inauspicious ( Artta and Raudra Dhyana). The practitioner strives to be just a knower-seer ( Gyata-Drashta). Jainism holds that emancipation can only be achieved through meditation or Shukla Dhyana. According to Sagarmal Jain, it aims to reach and remain in a state of “pure-self awareness or knowership.” Meditation is also seen as realizing the self, taking the soul to complete freedom, beyond any craving, aversion and/or attachment. Jain meditation ( dhyāna) has been the central practice of spirituality in Jainism along with the Three Jewels. Other Modern Jain meditation traditions.
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